How does staking work?

Aptos uses an owner-operator-voter model for staking. This model enables the creation of delegations and staking services by separating the account that holds the funds from other accounts responsible for managing those funds, such as operators and voters. This separation ensures that delegations of responsibilities can be made securely, without compromising the safety of the funds held in the account.

Owner: When someone creates an account on the Aptos blockchain, they become the owner of that account and the funds it contains.

Operator: An operator is the validator operator. The Owner can delegate the management of their funds to the Operator. The Owner can assign the accounts operator address to the Operator allowing for the account to participate in transaction validation on the chain.

Voter: The Owner can designate a Voter to participate in governance. The voter will use the voter keys to sign the governance votes. Traditionally, voter privileges are assigned to the Operator.

What is the staking process?

To start earning rewards, you will need to add your stake to the delegation pool

Do funds move out to another wallet?

Tokens do move out of your account but your accounts remains the only one that can operate an unstaking function. This enables you too keep the custody of your funds while they earn rewards.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, you can increase the staked amount or unstake part of it at anytime.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you select the amount of tokens you want to stake to earn rewards.

How do I unstake?

You can unlock stake at any time. However, the stake will only become withdrawable after the delegation pool's lockup period expires (0-30 days). Unlocked stake will continue earning rewards until the stake becomes withdrawable.

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

Yes, you can select the amount of tokens you want to unstake. The minimum amount to unstake is 10 APT.

How is my balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution?

The balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution is the balance at the beginning of epoch N-1.

What is the slashing risk on Aptos?

Currently, slashing is not implemented on Aptos.

How is commission paid?

Staking rewards are auto-compounded. The commission is paid when delegators unstake their positions.

How can I get testnet tokens?

Stake activation time

Instant

Auto-compounding

Enabled via the pooling mechanism we use (Reti Pooling)

Unbonding time

Instant. No lockup times

Rewards frequency

Rewards are distributed every 3 hours

Active set

None

Slashing

None

How does staking work?

Algorand’s staking rewards are given to users who actively contribute to network security by bringing their Algo online to participate in consensus. When an account’s proposed block is written to the chain, if the proposing account has at least 30,000 Algo then it will then be given an amount of Algo as a reward.

Full staking flow including block proposal and voting and can be found here:

https://developer.algorand.org/docs/get-details/algorand_consensus/

What is the staking process?

To start earning rewards, you will need to add your stake to the delegation pool provided by Kiln. When an account’s proposed block is written to the chain, if the proposing pool has at least 30,000 Algo then it will then be given an amount of Algo as a reward which will be distributed every 3 hours

Do funds move out to another wallet?

Utilising Reti Pooling, funds are sent over to the Reti global smart contract and finally to the validator pool contract. Those contracts are audited, controlled and deployed by the Algorand foundation.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, you can increase the staked amount or unstake part of it at anytime. To prevent gaming of the system, stakers who add or remove stake during an epoch receive only a partial reward for that epoch. The partial reward is calculated based on the percentage of time the staker was active in the epoch.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you select the amount of tokens you want to stake to earn rewards.

How do I unstake?

You can unstake by unbonding your funds, unstaking is immediate

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

Yes

How is my balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution?

The balance computed at block N for the rewards distribution is the balance at block N.

What is the slashing risk on Algorand?

Currently there is no slashing risk with Algorand Staking, While other networks rely on slashing penalties to discourage malicious behavior, Algorand removes poorly performing nodes with algorithmic removal

How is commission paid?

Commissions are paid to the validator every 3 hours (Reti Pooling) and auto-compounded by default

Staking rewards vs Governance

The introduction of staking rewards is a significant change from Algorand's previous governance-focused reward system. While governance rewards incentivized community participation in decision-making, staking rewards shift the focus to active network participation.

This change makes the network more decentralized. The old governance rewards will gradually wind down as staking rewards take center stage. While the xGov program will continue to fund community projects, the pivot will be on retroactive grants for ecosystem builders rather than general governance participation.

Stake activation time

7 BTC blocks ( ~1h50 depending on network activity)

Stake lock-up time

7 days

Auto-compounding

No

Rewards frequency

TBD

Self-bond

No

Active set

TBD

Min stake amount

0.005 BTC

Max stake amount

5,000 BTC

Slashing

• Yes - only for double signing

• BTC Staking Slashing ratio: 0.1%

• BABY Slashing ratio: 5%

Relationship between validator stake balance and rewards

Linear. The more stake balance there is on the validator, the more rewards it will earn.

How to stake via a UI?

How to integrate staking into a wallet/custodian solution?

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

You can not add to your existing stake position. If you want to stake more, it will have to be through a different position.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes.

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

That functionality is not allowed by the protocol for now.

When can I withdraw my staked BTC?

Either - After redemption, at the end of the timelock period you have set when you initiated the staking action. Funds will instantly be withdrawn. - After you initiate an "unbonding" transaction, which will withdraw your BTC after 7 days.

Stake activation time

Instant

Stake lock-up time

28 days

Re-delegating activation time

Instant

Rewards frequency

First rewards: next block once stake is active (0-7 seconds). Rewards frequency: every block (7 seconds). Last rewards: last rewards earned before unstaking.

Auto-compounding

Active set

Slashing

Yes, delegators' staked tokens can be slashed.

Relationship between validator stake balance and rewards

Linear. The more stake balance there is on the validator, the more rewards it will earn.

How does staking work?

On Cosmos chains such as Cronos, token holders choose a validator to delegate a select amount of tokens to. The delegator initiates a delegation transaction, which involves locking their tokens in a smart contract. These tokens are then counted towards the validator's total stake.

What is the staking process?

After the delegation has been initiated, CROs are changed to validator shares of the validator you delegate to.

Do funds move out to another wallet?

Staked CROs are not part of the balance anymore, but they don’t go to another address.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, you can increase the staked amount or unstake part of it at anytime.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you select the amount of tokens you want to stake to earn rewards.

How does auto-compounding work?

How do I unstake?

You can unstake by unbonding your funds. After you initiated the process:

• You stop receiving staking rewards

• It will take 28 days for the amount to be liquid

• But you will be able to cancel the unbonding process anytime, as this chain currently supports the function

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

Yes, you can select the amount of tokens you want to unstake (this takes 28 days).

How is my balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution?

The balance computed at block N for the rewards distribution is the balance at block N.

What is the slashing risk on Cronos?

Downtime: During a block window (5,OOO blocks) if a validator signed less than 50% of the blocks, he will get jailed for 1 day but incur a reduction in its staked amount. No rewards can be earned during that jail time Double signing: When a validator attests to two different blocks, it will face slashing. Stakers who have delegated to the slashed validator will incur a slashing penalty of 5% and the validator won't ever be able to earn rewards again. Delegators will have to redelegate to another validator in order for their stake to earn rewards again.

How is commission paid?

Commissions are paid to the validator at the same frequency than the reward distribution (every block).

Stake activation time

0-3.5 days (end of the current epoch)

Stake lock-up time

0-3.5 days (end of the current epoch)

Auto-compounding

Self-bond

The validator must self-bond a minimum of 20M FLR.

How does staking work?

In the FTSO, staking involves delegating your tokens to data providers (signal providers). These providers submit data to the oracle, like cryptocurrency prices. Your stake contributes to the weight of their vote.

What is the staking process?

You choose a signal provider and delegate your tokens to them. This is done through the Flare interface or a compatible wallet. There's no need to transfer tokens; it's more like setting a preference.

Do funds move out to another wallet?

The funds technically leave your wallet to a smart contract that can only withdraw to your address.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, you can continually stake and unstake to the same wallet.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you have control over how much of your balance you want to delegate to a signal provider

How do I unstake?

Unstaking usually involves removing the delegation from the signal provider. This can be done through the wallet or platform interface where you staked. This process takes 0 to 3.5 days.

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

Yes, you can choose to unstake a portion of your delegated tokens.

How is my balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution?

Your reward is typically calculated based on the amount of your stake and the performance of your chosen signal provider at the beginning of the epoch.

What is the slashing risk on the FTSO chain?

Only the signal provider's tokens are subject to slashing.

How is commission paid?

Commissions are paid as rewards are earned.

Min staked amount

50,000 FLR

Stake activation time

Instant

Stake lock-up time

Delegation parameter: between 60 and 365 days

Auto-compounding

No

Self-bond

The validator must self bond a minimum of 6.25% of its total delegated amount

How does staking work?

Staking on the P-Chain involves locking funds for a period of time to support a specific network validator.

What is the staking process?

In order to stake FLARE you need to initiate a staking transaction that will lock the funds for the selected time. In order to initiate this transaction you'll need to enter the Node-ID provided by Kiln

Do funds move out to another wallet?

No, the funds are locked in the staking process but do not move to another wallet.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes you can add additional stake up to 5 times the initial staked amount as delegation to the same node. To unstake, you have to wait until your delegation cycle ends

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, the minimum is 50,000 FLR

How do I unstake?

You have to wait till the staking period ends. This period is defined by you when the staking starts and has a minimum of 2 weeks.

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

You have to wait till the staking period ends. This period is defined by you when the staking starts and has a minimum of 2 weeks.

How is my balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution?

Rewards are distributed based on the amount staked at the last block.

What is the slashing risk on the P-chain?

There is no slashing on the P-Chain.

How is commission paid?

Once the staking cycle ends

Stake activation time

Instant

Auto-compounding

Disabled on Kiln Dashboard as DYDX rewards paid in USDC cannot be automatically converted to DYDX.

Unbonding time

30 days

Rewards frequency

First rewards: next block once stake is active (0-1 second).

Rewards frequency: every block (1 second).

Last rewards: last rewards earned before unstaking.

Active set

Top 60 by voting power

Slashing

How does staking work?

On Cosmos chains such as dYdX, token holders choose a validator to delegate a select amount of tokens to. The delegator initiates a delegation transaction, which involves locking their tokens in a smart contract. These tokens are then counted towards the validator's total stake.

What is the staking process?

After the delegation has been initiated, DYDXs are changed to validator shares of the validator you delegate to.

Do funds move out to another wallet?

Staked DYDXs are not part of the balance anymore, but they don’t go to another address.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, you can increase the staked amount or unstake part of it at anytime.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you select the amount of tokens you want to stake to earn rewards.

How do I unstake?

You can unstake by unbonding your funds. After you initiated the process:

• You stop receiving staking rewards

• It will take 30 days for the amount to be liquid

• But you will be able to cancel the unbonding process anytime, as this chain currently supports the function

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

Yes, you can select the amount of tokens you want to unstake (this takes 30 days).

How is my balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution?

The balance computed at block N for the rewards distribution is the balance at block N.

What is the slashing risk on dYdX ?

Downtime: During a block window (8,192 blocks) if a validator signed less than 20% of the blocks, he will get jailed for 2h but will not be slashed. No rewards can be earned during that jail time. Double signing: When a validator attests to two different blocks, it will face slashing. Stakers who have delegated to the slashed validator will not incur a reduction in their stake but the validator won't ever be able to earn rewards again. Delegators will have to redelegate to another validator in order for their stake to earn rewards again.

How is commission paid?

Commissions are paid to the validator at the same frequency than the reward distribution (every block).

Stake activation time

Instant

Auto-compounding

Yes

Unbonding time

Instant - The staker obtains the originally deposited IOTA together with all accrued stake rewards up to the previous epoch boundary

Rewards frequency

24-hour epochs

Self-bond

Yes

Active set

2M IOTA to join Validator set -

• If an active validator’s stake falls below 1.5M IOTA, the validator has seven epochs of grace period to gain back the stake before being removed from the validator set.

Slashing

Yes

How does staking work?

Each IOTA validator maintains its own staking pool to track the amount of stake and to compound staking rewards. Validator pools operate together with a time series of exchange rates that are computed at each epoch boundary. These exchange rates determine the amount of IOTA tokens that each past IOTA staker can withdraw in the future. Importantly, the exchange rates increase as more rewards are deposited into a staking pool and the longer an amount of IOTA is deposited in a staking pool, the more rewards it will accrue.

What is the staking process?

Do funds move out to another wallet?

In IOTA's staking model, particularly in the newer IOTA 2.0 and Shimmer protocols, you retain full control over your private keys and tokens at all times.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes

How do I unstake?

Similar to staking, a user withdraws their stake from a validator by sending a transaction that calls the unstaking function in the system Move package. This transaction unwraps the stake object, and sends both the principal and the accumulated rewards to the user as IOTA tokens. You accrue rewards only during epochs where the stake is active for the entire epoch. The rewards withdrawn from the validator's rewards pool are calculated based on the activation epoch and unstaking epoch of the stake.

How is my balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution?

Your reward is typically calculated based on the amount of your stake and the performance of your chosen signal provider at the beginning of the epoch.

What is the slashing risk on IOTA?

Validators are monitored through a "Tallying Rule" system, where each validator assesses the performance of others. If a validator receives a low score due to misbehavior or inefficiency, they can be penalized by having their stake rewards slashed.The Tallying Rule scores are computed at the end of each epoch, and validators are expected to actively monitor and update their assessments of peers to ensure network health

How is commission paid?

Each epoch, within a given validator staking pool, all stakers are assigned the same proportion of rewards through the pool's exchange rate appreciation. Additionally, as validators earn commissions over the stake they manage, validators receive additional StakedIOTA objects at the end of each epoch in proportion to the amount of commissions their staking pool earns.

Staking rewards are funded by stake subsidies released at the end of the epoch. The total stake subsidy per epoch is 767k IOTA, which is distributed among pools according to their voting power and the tallying rule.

Stake activation time

Instant

Auto-compounding

Unbonding time

21 days

Rewards frequency

Rewards are distributed block-by-block

Active set

Top 100 by voting power

Slashing

How does staking work?

On Cosmos chains such as Celestia, token holders choose a validator to delegate a select amount of tokens to. The delegator initiates a delegation transaction, which involves locking their tokens in a smart contract. These tokens are then counted towards the validator's total stake.

What is the staking process?

After the delegation has been initiated, TIAs are changed to validator shares of the validator you delegate to.

Do funds move out to another wallet?

Staked TIAs are not part of the balance anymore, but they don’t go to another address.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, you can increase the staked amount or unstake part of it at anytime.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you select the amount of tokens you want to stake to earn rewards.

How does auto-compounding work?

How do I unstake?

You can unstake by unbonding your funds. After you initiated the process:

• You stop receiving staking rewards

• It will take 21 days for the amount to be liquid

• But you will be able to cancel the unbonding process anytime, as this chain currently supports the function

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

Yes, you can select the amount of tokens you want to unstake (this takes 21 days).

How is my balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution?

The balance computed at block N for the rewards distribution is the balance at block N.

What is the slashing risk on Celestia?

Downtime: During a block window (5,OOO blocks) if a validator signed less than 75% of the blocks, he will get jailed for 1 min but will not incur a slashing penalty. No rewards can be earned during that jail time. Double signing: When a validator attests to two different blocks, it will face slashing. Stakers who have delegated to the slashed validator will incur a slashing penalty of 2% and the validator won't ever be able to earn rewards again. Delegators will have to redelegate to another validator in order for their stake to earn rewards again.

How is commission paid?

Commissions are paid to the validator at the same frequency than the reward distribution (every block).

Stake activation time

Instant

Stake lock-up time

21 days

Re-delegating activation time

Instant

Rewards frequency

First rewards: next block once stake is active (0-7 seconds). Rewards frequency: every block (7 seconds). Last rewards: last rewards earned before unstaking.

Auto-compounding

Self-bond

None

Active set

Slashing

Yes, delegators' staked tokens can be slashed.

Relationship between validator stake balance and rewards

Linear. The more stake balance there is on the validator, the more rewards it will earn.

How does staking work?

On Cosmos chains such as the Cosmos Hub, token holders choose a validator to delegate a select amount of tokens to. The delegator initiates a delegation transaction, which involves locking their tokens in a smart contract. These tokens are then counted towards the validator's total stake.

What is the staking process?

After the delegation has been initiated, ATOMs are changed to validator shares of the validator you delegate to.

Do funds move out to another wallet?

Staked ATOMs are not part of the balance anymore, but they don’t go to another address.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, you can increase the staked amount or unstake part of it at anytime.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you select the amount of tokens you want to stake to earn rewards.

How does auto-compounding work?

How do I unstake?

You can unstake by unbonding your funds. After you initiated the process:

• You stop receiving staking rewards

• It will take 21 days for the amount to be liquid

• But you will be able to cancel the unbonding process anytime, as this chain currently supports the function

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

• Yes, you can select the amount of tokens you want to unstake (this takes 21 days). • Be aware that you can only unbond ATOM seven times with the same validator within a twenty-one day period.

How is my balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution?

The balance computed at block N for the rewards distribution is the balance at block N.

What is the slashing risk on the Cosmos Hub?

Downtime: During a block window (10,000 blocks) if a validator signed less than 5% of the blocks, he will get jailed for 10 min and will incur a 0.01% slashing penalty. No rewards can be earned during that jail time. Double signing: When a validator attests to two different blocks, it will face slashing. Stakers who have delegated to the slashed validator will incur a slashing penalty of 5% and the validator won't ever be able to earn rewards again. Delegators will have to redelegate to another validator in order for their stake to earn rewards again.

How is commission paid?

Commissions are paid to the validator at the same frequency than the reward distribution (every block).

How can I get testnet tokens?

Stake activation time

Instant

Stake lock-up time

14 days

Auto-compounding

Yes

Stake activation time

Instant

Unbonding period

21 days

Auto-compounding

Self-bond

None

Active set

Top 70 by voting power

Slashing

Yes, delegators' staked tokens can be slashed.

Relationship between validator stake balance and rewards

Linear. The more stake balance there is on the validator, the more rewards it will earn.

How does staking work?

On Cosmos chains such as Fetch.ai, token holders choose a validator to delegate a select amount of tokens to. The delegator initiates a delegation transaction, which involves locking their tokens in a smart contract. These tokens are then counted towards the validator's total stake.

What is the staking process?

After the delegation has been initiated, FETs are changed to validator shares of the validator you delegate to.

Do funds move out to another wallet?

Staked FETs are not part of the balance anymore, but they don’t go to another address.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, you can increase the staked amount or unstake part of it at anytime.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you select the amount of tokens you want to stake to earn rewards.

How does auto-compounding work?

How do I unstake?

You can unstake by unbonding your funds. After you initiated the process:

• You stop receiving staking rewards

• It will take 21 days for the amount to be liquid

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

Yes, you can select the amount of tokens you want to unstake (this takes 21 days).

How is my balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution?

The balance computed at block N for the rewards distribution is the balance at block N.

What is the slashing risk on Fetch.ai?

Downtime: During a block window (10,OOO blocks) if a validator signed less than 5% of the blocks, he will get jailed for 10 min and will incur a 0.01% slashing penalty. No rewards can be earned during that jail time. Double signing: When a validator attests to two different blocks, it will face slashing. Stakers who have delegated to the slashed validator will incur a slashing penalty of 10% and the validator won't ever be able to earn rewards again. Delegators will have to redelegate to another validator in order for their stake to earn rewards again.

How is commission paid?

Commissions are paid to the validator at the same frequency than the reward distribution (every block).

Stake activation time

Instant

Auto-compounding

No

Unbonding time

21 days

Rewards frequency

Rewards are distributed block-by-block

Self-bond

None

Active set

Top 60 by voting power

Slashing

Yes, delegators' staked tokens can be slashed.

Relationship between validator stake balance and rewards

Linear. The more stake balance there is on the validator, the more rewards it will earn.

How does staking work?

On Cosmos chains such as Injective, token holders choose a validator to delegate a select amount of tokens to. The delegator initiates a delegation transaction, which involves locking their tokens in a smart contract. These tokens are then counted towards the validator's total stake.

What is the staking process?

After the delegation has been initiated, INJs are changed to validator shares of the validator you delegate to.

Do funds move out to another wallet?

Staked INJs are not part of the balance anymore, but they don’t go to another address.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, you can increase the staked amount or unstake part of it at anytime.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you select the amount of tokens you want to stake to earn rewards.

How do I unstake?

You can unstake by unbonding your funds. After you initiated the process:

• You stop receiving staking rewards

• It will take 21 days for the amount to be liquid

• But you will be able to cancel the unbonding process anytime, as this chain currently supports the function

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

Yes, you can select the amount of tokens you want to unstake (this takes 21 days).

How is my balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution?

The balance computed at block N for the rewards distribution is the balance at block N.

How is commission paid?

Comissions are paid to the validator at the same frequency than the reward distribution (every block).

Stake activation time

0-6 hours (end of current era)

Stake lock-up time

7 days

Rewards frequency

Rewards are distributed every era (~6 hours)

Auto-compounding

No

Stake activation time

0-15 hours (end of current epoch)

Stake lock-up time

45-60 hours (end of current epoch and 3 others)

Re-delegating activation time

0-15 hours (end of current epoch)

Rewards frequency

First rewards: one epoch after stake is active (0-15 hours + 15 hours). Rewards frequency: end of every epoch (~15 hours). Last rewards: last reward earned before unstaking.

Auto-compounding

Yes

Self-bond

None

Active set

Slashing

None

Relationship between validator stake balance and rewards

Linear. The more stake balance there is on the validator, the more rewards it will earn.

How does staking work?

What is the staking process?

Tokens are sent to the validator Smart Contract using the deposit_and_stake function of the contract.

Do funds move out to another wallet?

Yes, they are sent to the pool smart contract.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, you can increase the staked amount or unstake part of it at anytime.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you select the amount of tokens you want to stake to earn rewards.

How do I unstake?

You can unstake from Kiln dashboard by going to your account containing your NEAR stakes, and clicking unstake. Note, that once you unstake, it will take 3-4 epochs (45-60hrs) for you to be able to withdraw the tokens to your wallet.

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

Yes, you can select the amount of tokens you want to unstake.

How is my balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution?

The balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution is the balance at the beginning of epoch N.

What is the slashing risk on NEAR?

Slashing is not yet implemented on NEAR, so there is a very limited risk of collateral losses.

How is commission paid?

The Kiln NEAR validator retains a commission - a % of staking rewards earned - by default.

How can I get testnet tokens?

Stake activation time

0-24 hours (end of current era)

Stake lock-up time

28 days

Re-delegating activation time

0-24 hours (end of current era)

Rewards frequency

First rewards: 1 era after stake is active (0-24 hours + 24 hours). Rewards frequency: beginning of every era (24 hours). Last rewards: last rewards earned before unstaking.

Auto-compounding

Nomination pools do not have the ability to auto compound rewards.

Self-bond

None

Active set

Slashing

Yes, nominators' bonded tokens can be slashed.

Relationship between validator stake balance and rewards

Validators earn the exact same amount of rewards, that is distributed to their top 512 nominators proportionally to their bonded tokens.

What is the staking process?

When joining a nomination pool, you need to choose the amount to bond (ie stake). The pool will nominate validators on your behalf.

Do funds move out to another wallet?

Yes, the bonded funds move to the nomination pool stash account.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, you can bond extra tokens to the same wallet and unbound / withdraw several times.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you select the amount of tokens you want to bond in a stash account.

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

Yes, to do so you can select the amount of tokens you want to unbond (this takes 28 days), and then withdraw it (instant).

How is my balance computed at era N for the rewards distribution?

The balance computed at era N for the rewards distribution is the balance at the beginning of era N-1.

How can I get testnet tokens?

Stake activation time

Instant

Auto-compounding

No

Minimum Stake

1024 IP

Unbonding time/Lockup period

14-day unlock period for all staking token types(locked or unlocked). During the unbonding period, the delegator/validator will not earn block rewards. But they may still be slashed.

Rewards frequency

The reward is accumulated per block and can be distributed per block. However, it will only be automatically distributed to the delegator’s account when it is larger than a threshold. The default and also minimal threshold is 8 IP, which means that only if the delegator’s reward is more than 8 IP, it will be sent to the delegator’s account

Active set

Yes, currently the top 64. Kilns validator will be in the active(bonded) set

Slashing

Yes - slashing will be implemented from mainnet launch

How does staking work?

For every block, a fixed proportion of token inflation will go to the rewards distribution pool, which will be shared among all 64* active validators according to each of their share weights. These allocated tokens will then be shared among the validator and its delegators in a fashion described by the next section. The validator share weight is calculated based on the total token staking amount, and whether or not the token staking type is locked or unlocked.

What is the staking process?

To start earning rewards, you will need to add your stake to the validator run by Kiln. If a fixed period is chosen, a delegation id will be returned to the users. Users must use this delegation id to unstake tokens from this stake operation. If flexible staking is chosen, the returned delegation id will be 0.

The staking amount needs to be larger than a threshold, which is 1024 IP.

Do funds move out to another wallet?

No

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, However, the redelegated tokens are still subject to the unbonding process(14 days)

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you select the amount of tokens you want to stake to earn rewards.

Can I unstake a portion of my stake?

Partial unstake of a delegation is supported. For example, if a 1-year long delegation has 1 million tokens, after 1 year, users can unstake 500k from this delegation and keep the remaining staked to continue earning rewards.

Whats the difference between Locked v Unlocked Tokens?

Unlocked tokens have no restrictions imposed on them and can be used for gas consumption, transfers, and staking.

Unlike unlocked tokens, locked tokens cannot be transferred or traded and are unlocked based on an unlock schedule. However, locked tokens may be staked to earn staking rewards, with the locked staking reward rate being half of that of unlocked tokens.

Staked locked and unlocked tokens have the same voting power. That means that a validator with 100 staked locked tokens has the same network voting power as a validator with 100 staked unlocked tokens.

Delegators can decide how flexible and how long they want to stake their tokens. By default, for both locked and unlocked tokens, delegators can stake and then unstake immediately and get their token back after the unbonding time. This is called ‘Flexible Staking’.

Both types of tokens can be slashed if their validators get slashed.

How do I unstake?

When staking without a staking period, users can unstake anytime. The tokens will be distributed to the user’s account after the unbonding time.

A fee of 1 IP will be charged for unstaking to prevent spamming. The fee will be burnt by the contract.

The minimum unstaking amount is 1024 IP. After the unstaking request is processed, if the remaining staked amount is less than 1024 IP, the remaining part will also be unstaked together.

The unstaking request will first go through the unbonding process, which is 14 days. After that, the unbonded requests are sent to a withdrawal queue, distributing a maximum of 32 withdrawals per block. If there are more than 32 withdrawal requests in the withdrawal queue, the next 32 withdrawal requests will be processed in the next block.

What is the slashing risk on Story?

Validators must act honestly and perform well; otherwise, they risk being slashed (losing a portion of the stake entrusted by their delegators). Slashing occurs in two main scenarios:

1. Downtime: This happens when a validator’s node is offline and misses 95% of the past 28,800 blocks. As a result, the validator is jailed. They can unjail and return to the active set, but their delegators will irrevocably lose 0.02% of their staked amount.

Double-signing: This occurs when a validator mishandles their key and signs one block twice. In this case, the validator is permanently jailed (tombstoned), and their delegators lose 5% of their tokens. It’s a significant and severe penalty, as the validator is removed from the network permanently.

Stake activation time

Instant

Stake lock-up time

14 days

Auto-compounding

Rewards frequency

Rewards are distributed block-by-block

Active set

Top 180 by voting power

Slashing

Yes

How does staking work?

On Cosmos chains such as Osmosis, token holders choose a validator to delegate a select amount of tokens to. The delegator initiates a delegation transaction, which involves locking their tokens in a smart contract. These tokens are then counted towards the validator's total stake.

What is the staking process?

After the delegation has been initiated, OSMOs are changed to validator shares of the validator you delegate to.

Do funds move out to another wallet?

Staked OSMOs are not part of the balance anymore, but they don’t go to another address.

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, you can increase the staked amount or unstake part of it at anytime.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you select the amount of tokens you want to stake to earn rewards.

How do I unstake?

You can unstake by unbonding your funds. After you initiated the process:

• You stop receiving staking rewards

• It will take 14 days for the amount to be liquid

• But you will be able to cancel the unbonding process anytime, as this chain currently supports the function

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

Yes, you can select the amount of tokens you want to unstake (this takes 14 days).

How is my balance computed at epoch N for the rewards distribution?

The balance computed at block N for the rewards distribution is the balance at block N.

What is the slashing risk on Osmosis?

Downtime: During a block window (30,OOO blocks) if a validator signed less than 5% of the blocks, he will get jailed for 1 min but will not incur a slashing penalty. No rewards can be earned during that jail time. Double signing: When a validator attests to two different blocks, it will face slashing. Stakers who have delegated to the slashed validator will incur a slashing penalty of 5% and the validator won't ever be able to earn rewards again. Delegators will have to redelegate to another validator in order for their stake to earn rewards again.

How is commission paid?

Commissions are paid to the validator at the same frequency than the reward distribution (every block).

Stack activation time

Next stacking cycle: O-2 weeks

Stack lock-up time

Next stacking cycle: O-2 weeks

Rewards frequency

First rewards: 1 epoch after stack is active (0-2 weeks). Rewards frequency: beginning of every epoch (2 weeks). Last rewards: next rewards to be earned after unstacking.

How do I receive my rewards?

When staking STX, rewards are earned in BTC. Before initiating a stake, you need to notify the Kiln team and communicate a BTC address where your rewards will be manually sent at the end of every stacking cycle. The Kiln reward address receives 100% of all rewards. Every 2 weeks, we will compute the share of rewards that was generated by your stake and rebate you the rewards accordingly.

Auto-compounding

No

Self-bond

None

Active set

Any Signer with more than 100k staked STX. This minimum is dynamic and grows as more network participants stake their STX.

Slashing

No automated slashing currently implemented in the protocol.

Relationship between validator stake balance and rewards

Linear. The more stake balance there is on the validator, the more rewards it will earn.

Stake activation time

Instant

Stake lock-up time

3~4 days (80 checkpoints)

Re-delegating activation time

Instant

Rewards frequency

First rewards: next checkpoint once stake is active (0-30minutes/3hours). Rewards frequency: every checkpoint submitted (30 minutes - 3 hours). Last rewards: last rewards earned before unstaking.

Auto-compounding

No

Self-bond

None

Active set

Slashing

Yes, delegators' bonded tokens can be slashed.

Relationship between validator stake balance and rewards

Linear. The more stake balance there is on the validator, the more rewards it will earn.

What is the staking process?

When staking through Kiln Dashboard, you'll first approve the Polygon StakingManager Contract to spend X POL, then delegate to send POL to the official Polygon Staking Contract.

Do funds move out to another wallet?

Can I keep staking/unstaking from/to the same wallet?

Yes, you can increase the staked amount or unstake part of it at anytime.

Can I select how much of my wallet balance I want to stake?

Yes, you select the amount of tokens you want to stake to earn rewards.

Can I unstake part of the staked balance?

Yes, you can select the amount of tokens you want to unstake.

How is my balance computed at checkpoint N for the rewards distribution?

The balance computed at checkpoint N for the rewards distribution is the balance at the submission of the checkpoint N.

How can I get testnet tokens?